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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis.

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Dog domestication involved significant changes in gene expression, impacting RNA and protein metabolism. Analyzing blood RNA revealed key differences between dogs and wolves, highlighting gene regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Science

Background:

  • Dog domestication from wolf ancestors began over 15,000 years ago.
  • Domestication significantly altered various species characteristics.
  • Understanding genetic changes is crucial for tracing dog domestication history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of gene expression in dog domestication.
  • To compare blood RNA sequences of dogs and wolves from Europe and Asia.
  • To identify genetic differences and regulatory mechanisms associated with domestication.

Main Methods:

  • Differential gene expression analysis.
  • Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA).
  • Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analyses.

Main Results:

  • Species (dog vs. wolf) and geographic origin (Europe vs. Asia) significantly influenced blood gene expression.
  • 1567 differentially expressed genes were identified between dogs and wolves.
  • Key overrepresented Gene Ontology terms included DNA binding and translation.
  • 11 significant gene co-expression networks (4402 genes) were linked to DNA replication and RNA/protein metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Gene expression regulation appears to be a fundamental aspect of dog domestication.
  • Future studies should include diverse dog breeds and geographic origins to refine findings.
  • Enhanced population diversity will improve the accuracy of identifying domestication-related genes.