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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.5K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Photo-Crosslinked Polyurethane-Containing Gel Polymer Electrolytes via Free-Radical Polymerization Method.

Fatmanur Uyumaz1, Yerkezhan Yerkinbekova2, Sandugash Kalybekkyzy2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey.

Polymers
|September 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Novel crosslinked gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) offer enhanced ionic conductivity and stability for lithium-ion batteries. These advanced GPEs demonstrate superior performance and safety, paving the way for next-generation flexible energy storage systems.

Keywords:
UV-crosslinkingfree-radical polymerizationgel polymer electrolytelithium-ion batterypolyurethane acrylatepolyurethane methacrylate

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Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Developing advanced electrolytes is crucial for improving lithium-ion battery performance and safety.
  • Current electrolytes face challenges with stability, ionic conductivity, and electrolyte leakage.
  • Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) offer a promising alternative for safer and more efficient energy storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel crosslinked gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for lithium-ion battery applications.
  • To investigate the structural, electrochemical, and thermal properties of the developed GPEs.
  • To evaluate the performance of GPEs in a lithium-ion coin cell.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of crosslinked GPEs using polyurethane acrylate (PUA), polyurethane methacrylate (PUMA), vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA), and bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate (BMEP) via UV-initiated free-radical polymerization.
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and mechanical/thermal properties.
  • Assembly and testing of LiFePO4 cathode-based coin cells using the developed GPEs.

Main Results:

  • The novel crosslinked GPE exhibited significantly higher ionic conductivity (1.83 × 10-3 S cm-1) compared to commercial separators.
  • The GPE demonstrated excellent mechanical and thermal stability, with reduced electrolyte leakage and improved liquid retention.
  • Coin cells showed high reversible capacity (149 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C), near 100% Coulombic efficiency, and retained 91.5% of capacity after cycling.
  • Electrochemical stability was observed up to 3.78 V.

Conclusions:

  • The developed crosslinked GPEs offer superior ionic conductivity, enhanced stability, and improved safety features for lithium-ion batteries.
  • The unique crosslinked structure effectively manages electrolyte retention and reduces leakage.
  • These GPEs show great potential for the development of high-performance and safe flexible energy storage systems.