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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
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Glucose Metabolism-Modifying Natural Materials for Potential Feed Additive Development.

Wei-Chih Lin1,2, Boon-Chin Hoe1,2, Xianming Li3

  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.

Pharmaceutics
|September 28, 2024
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Summary

Natural feed additives like phytochemicals and probiotics can improve animal glucose metabolism and uptake. This research explores their potential as non-antibiotic solutions for enhancing animal health and production performance.

Keywords:
antioxidantschromiumglucose metabolismglucose transportersnatural feed additivesphytochemicalsprebioticsprobiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Nutrition
  • Metabolic Pathways
  • Animal Health

Background:

  • Glucose is vital for animal growth and production, but metabolic stress can disrupt glucose metabolism.
  • Existing feed additives like phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, and trace minerals show potential in modulating glucose metabolism.
  • Their specific impact on glucose uptake requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore natural compounds that modulate glucose uptake and insulin-dependent glucose metabolism.
  • To identify potential non-pharmacological, non-antibiotic feed additives for animal nutrition.
  • To bridge human diabetes research with animal feed additive development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, and trace minerals.
  • Analysis of their known effects on molecular pathways of insulin-dependent glucose metabolism.
  • Examination of studies in rodent and cell models regarding glucose uptake.

Main Results:

  • Phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics, and trace minerals can influence insulin-dependent glucose metabolism.
  • These compounds have demonstrated improvements in glucose uptake in experimental models.
  • Their application as feed additives may enhance animal health and production.

Conclusions:

  • Natural feed additives offer promising avenues for improving animal glucose metabolism.
  • Further research can lead to innovative, non-antibiotic feed additives for animal health and performance.
  • This field holds potential for new product development in animal nutrition.