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Related Concept Videos

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Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Factors Affecting Perception01:25

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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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The association between interoception and olfactory affective responses.

Tomohiro Arai1, Tomoko Komano2, Taro Munakata3

  • 1Shiseido Co., Ltd. MIRAI Technology Institute, Yokohama, Japan; Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.

Biological Psychology
|September 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Interoception, the perception of internal bodily sensations, influences emotional responses to odors. Higher interoception correlates with stronger emotional intensity and better alignment between perceived and physiological responses to smells.

Keywords:
EmotionInteroceptionOlfactionPhysiological responsesSelf-reported measures

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfaction significantly impacts emotions and physiological states.
  • Interoception, the awareness of internal bodily sensations, is increasingly linked to olfaction.
  • The relationship between interoception and emotional responses to odors remains under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between interoceptive traits and emotional responses to odors.
  • To determine if interoception modulates the perception and physiological reactions to olfactory stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted with 548 Japanese women.
  • Study 1: Online survey assessing self-reported interoceptive traits and emotional intensity to daily odors.
  • Study 2: Laboratory assessment of interoceptive traits, odor-evoked arousal, and physiological responses.

Main Results:

  • Self-reported interoceptive traits predicted the intensity of positive emotions evoked by odors (Study 1).
  • High interoception correlated with concordance between perceived and physiological arousal to odors.
  • Low interoception was associated with a lack of concordance between perceived and physiological arousal (Study 2).

Conclusions:

  • Interoceptive abilities shape olfactory affective experiences.
  • Perception of internal sensations is crucial for understanding emotional responses to smells.
  • Findings have implications for research in interoception, aromachology, and fragrance development.