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    Holistic review in medical education helps identify valuable candidates beyond metrics. This scoping review found it can increase diversity in trainee selection, though isolating its impact requires further study.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Education
    • Graduate Medical Education
    • Undergraduate Medical Education

    Background:

    • Medical schools and residency programs increasingly use holistic review to select candidates.
    • This approach aims to identify candidates who contribute positively to the learning environment, moving beyond traditional metrics.
    • Limited data currently exists to support or refute the effectiveness of holistic review.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine definitions and practices of holistic review in medical education.
    • To summarize existing research findings on its implementation and outcomes.
    • To identify gaps in the literature for future research.

    Main Methods:

    • A comprehensive search of 7 databases was conducted for articles on holistic review in undergraduate medical education (UME) and graduate medical education (GME).
    • Keywords included "holistic," "attributes," "mission-based," "mission-centric," and "socially accountable."
    • Data from 33 included articles were extracted and synthesized quantitatively and qualitatively.

    Main Results:

    • Holistic review was applied at screening, interviewing, and ranking stages, with rationales including service, patient trust, and educational benefits.
    • Most studies reported increased selection of underrepresented in medicine trainees, as well as other diverse groups.
    • Many studies incorporated additional diversity interventions, complicating the isolated assessment of holistic review's impact.

    Conclusions:

    • This scoping review synthesizes literature on holistic review's rationale, implementation, components, outcomes, and barriers.
    • Findings can guide institutions in developing or refining holistic review processes.
    • The review highlights the need for further research to fully understand holistic review's isolated effects.