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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
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Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
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The Nativist Approach

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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants
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A 3D approach to understanding heterogeneity in early developing autisms.

Veronica Mandelli1, Ines Severino1,2, Lisa Eyler3,4

  • 1Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy.

Molecular Autism
|October 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two distinct autism subtypes, Type I and Type II, identified by early functioning (LIMA) features, show different developmental paths and biological markers. This stratification may improve autism prognosis and understanding.

Keywords:
ClusteringGene expressionStratificationSubtypesfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autism diagnosis currently uses a single label, overlooking significant phenotypic heterogeneity in early functioning.
  • Key differences in early language, intellectual, motor, and adaptive functioning (LIMA) features distinguish individuals with autism.
  • Subtyping based on LIMA features could offer a more nuanced understanding of autism's diverse developmental trajectories and biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify data-driven subtypes of autism based on early phenotypic features.
  • To investigate the developmental trajectories and biological underpinnings of these identified subtypes.
  • To assess the potential of LIMA-based subtyping for improving autism classification and understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized unsupervised clustering on Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) data from 615 children.
  • Examined longitudinal developmental trajectories using data from the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive (NDA) and an independent UCSD dataset.
  • Analyzed neuroimaging, gene expression, and blood gene expression data in a subset of the UCSD cohort.

Main Results:

  • Identified two robust autism subtypes (Type I and Type II) based on early LIMA features with 98% accuracy.
  • These subtypes exhibit distinct developmental trajectories throughout the first decade of life.
  • Significant differences were observed in functional and structural neuroimaging, as well as in gene expression patterns between the subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • Stratifying autism into Type I and Type II based on LIMA features is potentially significant for prognosis and biological understanding.
  • This subtyping approach highlights distinct developmental paths and underlying biological mechanisms in autism.
  • Further replication with larger neuroimaging and gene expression datasets is warranted.