Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

3.7K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
3.7K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

5.7K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
5.7K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.3K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.3K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.1K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.1K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

3.4K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
3.4K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

26.7K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
26.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Polarity-Selective Assembly Enables Tough and Stretchable Ionogels for Wearable Electronics.

ACS nano·2026
Same author

Artificial chemotaxis in micro/nanomotors.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Translational Application of Biomedical Microrobots in Female Reproductive System.

ACS nano medicine·2026
Same author

Silver-enhanced Photoresponsive g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Ag Janus Microrobots With Negative Photogravitaxis Efficient Antibiotic Degradation.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Laser-Processed 2D Germanane on Graphene for Organohydrogel-Based Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors.

ACS nano·2026
Same author

Moon Regolith Simulant-Based All-3D-Printed Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Effective Mechanical Energy Conversion.

Energy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

18.1K

Single Atom Catalyst for Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electrochemistry.

Suvani Subhadarshini1, Martin Pumera1,2

  • 1Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|October 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Nitrate pollution is a major concern. This review explores transition metal single atom catalysts (TNMSAC) for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NRA), offering a sustainable ammonia production pathway.

Keywords:
ammoniacatalysiselectrochemistrysingle atom catalysis

More Related Videos

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

6.1K
Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

3.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

18.1K
Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

6.1K
Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

3.5K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Nitrate accumulation in water bodies poses significant environmental risks.
  • Ammonia is a crucial chemical for fertilizers and a clean energy carrier.
  • The Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis is energy-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review transition metal single atom catalysts (TNMSAC) for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NRA).
  • To explore factors influencing TNMSAC activity, selectivity, and ammonia yield.
  • To provide guidance for designing efficient TNMSAC for sustainable ammonia production.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of amalgamated articles on TNMSAC for NRA.
  • Analysis of factors affecting catalyst performance: nitrate adsorption, metal center, coordinating atoms, potential, and single-atom interactions.
  • Exploration of advanced catalyst designs like dual-atom catalysts and single atom alloys.

Main Results:

  • Key factors influencing TNMSAC performance in NRA were identified.
  • The review highlights the impact of catalyst structure and composition on ammonia selectivity and yield.
  • Advanced concepts like dual-atom catalysts and single atom alloys show promise for enhanced NRA.

Conclusions:

  • TNMSAC offer a promising, sustainable alternative for ammonia production via electrocatalytic NRA.
  • Understanding the interplay of various factors is crucial for optimizing TNMSAC design.
  • This review provides a strategic framework for developing efficient catalysts for a green ammonia economy.