Angiogenic properties and intercellular communication of differentiated porcine endothelial cells in vascular therapy

Endothelial cell dysfunction can lead to various vascular diseases. Blood flow disorder is a common symptom of vascular diseases. Regenerative angiogenesis, which involves transplanting vascular cells or stem cells into the body to shape new vasculature, can be a good therapeutic strategy. However, there are several limitations to using autologous cells from the patients themselves. We sought to investigate the new vascular cells that can play a role in the formation of angiogenesis in vivo using stem cells from alternative animals suitable for cellular therapy. Porcine is an optimal animal model for xenotransplantation owing to its physiological similarity to humans. We used differentiated porcine endothelial cells (pECs) as a therapeutic strategy to restore vessel function. Differentiated pECs formed vessel-like structures in mice, distinguishing them from stem cells. MMPs activity and migration assays indicated that differentiated pECs possessed angiogenic potential. Tube formation and 3D spheroid sprouting assays further confirmed the angiogenic phenotype of the differentiated pECs. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed claudin-mediated tight junctions and connexin 43-mediated gap junctions between human ECs and differentiated pECs. Additionally, the movement of small RNA from human ECs to differentiated pECs was observed under co-culture conditions. Our findings demonstrated the in vivo viability and angiogenetic potential of differentiated pECs and highlighted the potential for intercellular communication between human and porcine ECs. These results suggest that transplanted cells in vascular regeneration completed after cell therapy have the potential to achieve intercellular communication within the body.