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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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[Dementia in Down syndrome].

Ann-Charlotte Granholm1, Lotta Larsson2, Fredrik Öhman3

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Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) face a higher risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial, utilizing cognitive tests, plasma assays, and PET scans for better dementia management in DS patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Gerontology

Context:

  • Down syndrome (DS) significantly increases the risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Distinguishing dementia from intellectual disability in DS requires specialized diagnostic approaches.
  • Existing dementia care paradigms need adaptation for the DS population.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the heightened prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in individuals with Down syndrome (DS).
  • To outline advanced diagnostic tools for dementia in DS, including cognitive batteries, plasma biomarkers, and PET imaging for amyloid and tau pathology.
  • To advocate for the inclusion of adults with DS in memory clinic assessments and treatment protocols.

Summary:

  • Individuals with DS exhibit a higher incidence of AD at younger ages compared to the general population.
  • Effective diagnostic strategies involve cognitive assessments, sensitive plasma assays, and PET imaging to detect amyloid and tau.
  • Adults with DS should receive comprehensive memory assessments and access to dementia medications.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for dementia in the Down syndrome population.
  • Enhanced treatment strategies and medication access for adults with DS experiencing cognitive decline.
  • Establishment of national registries like SveDem for tracking AD in DS, facilitating research and care improvements.