Zygosity Effects on Human Voice: Fundamental Frequency Analysis of Brazilian Twins' Speech

Voice production can be influenced by interindividual variations related to genetic, physiological, behavioral, and several environmental factors. Here we examined the effect of zygosity on speaking fundamental frequency (F0) statistical descriptors. Our aims were: (1) to determine whether the genetic similarity between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins affects F0 characteristics, and (2) to quantify the contribution of genetic factors to these characteristics. The study involved 79 same-sex twin pairs of Brazilian Portuguese speakers, comprising 65 MZ and 14 DZ twins, aged 18 to 66 years (31.7 ± 11.6 years), with 21 male and 58 female pairs. Participants were recorded while uttering a greeting phrase and the Brazilian Portuguese version of the 'Happy Birthday to You' song. Speech segments were analyzed using Praat free software, and F0 measures were automatically extracted in both Hertz and semitone scales. Statistical descriptors, including centrality, dispersion, and extreme values of F0 were examined, and the ACE model (i.e., total genetic effects, A; shared environmental influences, C; and nonshared environmental influences, E) was employed to estimate the additive effect;ts of monozygosity. As anticipated, we observed a zygosity effect on several F0 parameters, with more similarity between MZ twins compared to DZ twins. We discuss the genetic influences on F0 parameters and the absence of a monozygosity effect in two of them. Additionally, we briefly address potential biases associated with the selected measurement scale for statistical modeling. Finally, we explore the influence of genetic factors on F0 patterns, as well as environmental, life history and linguistic factors, particularly concerning F0 variation in speech.