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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
333
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

312
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
312
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

241
The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
241
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Menopause and endometriosis.

Chiara Cassani1, Sara Tedeschi2, Laura Cucinella3

  • 1Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS S. Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.

Maturitas
|October 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postmenopausal endometriosis, though not exclusively affecting women of reproductive age, requires more research. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, but managing hormone therapy and associated risks needs further investigation.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseaseEndometriosisMenopausal hormone therapy (MHT)MenopauseOncologic riskOsteoporosis

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Gynecology
  • Menopause Studies

Background:

  • Endometriosis is increasingly recognized in postmenopausal patients, challenging the traditional view of its exclusive occurrence in women of reproductive age.
  • Limited literature exists on postmenopausal endometriosis, creating uncertainties regarding its prevalence, clinical significance, optimal management, and prognosis.
  • Clinical symptoms in menopausal patients lack specificity, and pain can manifest at any life stage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on endometriosis in postmenopausal women.
  • To provide insights into the pathogenesis, symptoms, oncologic risk, diagnosis, and treatment of postmenopausal endometriosis.
  • To address uncertainties surrounding the management of this condition in the menopausal population.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review of existing literature.
  • It synthesizes available research on postmenopausal endometriosis.
  • Focuses on pathogenesis, symptoms, oncologic risk, diagnosis, and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Surgical excision remains the primary approach for symptomatic postmenopausal endometriosis, aiding diagnosis and treatment while assessing malignancy risk.
  • Managing postmenopausal endometriosis is complex due to potential menopausal hormone therapy contraindications and risks of recurrence and malignant transformation.
  • Current recommendations suggest combined menopausal hormone therapy or tibolone over estrogen-only therapies due to potential malignancy risks.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to clarify the appropriateness of menopausal hormone therapy in women with a history of endometriosis.
  • The potential increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women with endometriosis may be linked to early surgical menopause, warranting more investigation.
  • Understanding the intricate relationship between endometriosis and menopause is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment strategies.