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Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Toxicity Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Cell Culture and in Drosophila melanogaster

Toxicity Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Cell Culture and in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: September 19, 2019

Comparative toxicity assessment of selected nanoparticles using different experimental model organisms.

Srishti Parashar¹, Sheetal Raj¹, Priyanka Srivastava¹

¹Department of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), NH09, Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods

|October 2, 2024

Summary

Excessive nanoparticle use, including carbon nanotubes, silica, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, and silver, causes environmental toxicity and bioaccumulation. Research shows these nanoparticles induce DNA damage, organ toxicity, and cell damage across various models, highlighting the need for sustainable use.

Keywords:

Alternate model High production NP Invitro Invivo Nanoparticle toxicity Plant model

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Toxicity Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Cell Culture and in Drosophila melanogaster

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Published on: September 19, 2019

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Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

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Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Toxicology
Materials Science

Background:

Nanoparticles (1-100 nm) are widely used in cosmetics, medicine, and electronics.
Large-scale manufacturing leads to environmental concerns and bioaccumulation.
Environmental toxicity of widely produced nanoparticles requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the adverse environmental and biological impacts of highly produced nanoparticles.
To assess toxicity across in vivo, in vitro, and alternative model systems.
To emphasize the need for sustainable nanoparticle application.

Main Methods:

Review of in vivo studies (rats, rabbits, earthworms).
Analysis of alternative model studies (zebrafish, Drosophila, yeast).
Examination of in vitro cell line data (HepG2, BALB/c 3T3).

Main Results:

In vivo studies show cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and DNA damage in organs like the brain, liver, kidney, and lungs.
Alternative models exhibit genotoxicity, apoptosis, and behavioral/reproductive impairment.
In vitro studies reveal apoptosis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced cell metabolism.

Conclusions:

Widespread nanoparticle use poses significant environmental and human health risks.
Excessive use of specific nanoparticles (e.g., silver, titanium dioxide) warrants caution.
Sustainable practices and risk mitigation are crucial for beneficial nanoparticle application.