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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.0K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
19.0K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

4.2K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
4.2K
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

930
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
930
Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

2.2K
The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
For extracting a solute from an aqueous phase into an...
2.2K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.8K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.8K
Distribution of Molecular Speeds01:27

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

3.9K
The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
3.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

12.3K

Density Differences' Effect on Phase Transition Kinetics.

Kati Avramova1, Alexander Karamanov1

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|October 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Density differences between phases affect material transformation. This study extends Kolmogorov

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Phase transformations are fundamental in materials science.
  • Kolmogorov's formalism is a standard model for describing transformation kinetics.
  • Existing models often assume negligible density differences between phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of density differences on transformation degree.
  • To extend Kolmogorov's formalism for non-negligible density differences.
  • To differentiate between volume and mass transformation degrees.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis.
  • Extension of Kolmogorov's transformation kinetics formalism.
  • Derivation of new mathematical expressions.

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Main Results:

  • Derived an expression for the overall volume transformation degree considering density differences.
  • Demonstrated that volume and mass transformation degrees diverge when density differences are significant.
  • Provided a derived expression for the mass transformation degree.

Conclusions:

  • Density differences are crucial for accurately modeling phase transformation degrees.
  • The extended formalism provides a more comprehensive understanding of transformations involving density changes.
  • Distinguishing between volume and mass transformation is essential in such systems.