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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Updated: May 8, 2026

Quantitative Methods to Study Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1-9 Activity in Cells
08:11

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Published on: August 7, 2021

Pectin methylesterase activity is required for RALF1 peptide signalling output.

Ann-Kathrin Rößling1,2, Kai Dünser1,3, Chenlu Liu1,2

  • 1Institute of Biology II, Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Elife
|October 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Plant pectin

Keywords:
A. thalianaRALFcell wallgrowth factorspectinpeptide hormonesplant biologyrapid alkalinisation factorsignalling

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Plant Science
  • Plant Cell Biology

Background:

  • The extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for plant cell responses.
  • Extracellular ligands, like Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs), mediate signaling.
  • The role of ECM in ligand perception is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the link between pectin de-methylesterification and RALF1 activity.
  • Elucidate the mechanism of RALF1 perception and its dependence on pectin.
  • Explore the role of pectin's methylation status in plant hormone signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Pharmacological and genetic interference with pectin methyl esterases (PMEs).
  • Analysis of RALF1-induced root growth repression.
  • Investigating RALF1-pectin interactions and FERONIA-dependent perception.

Main Results:

  • Interference with PMEs abolished RALF1-induced root growth repression.
  • Positively charged RALF1 peptides bind to negatively charged, de-methylesterified pectin.
  • RALF1 association with de-methylesterified pectin is essential for FERONIA-dependent perception.
  • This mechanism is independent of FER-LRX interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Pectin's methylation status acts as a signaling scaffold for RALF peptides.
  • This links ECM dynamics to peptide hormone responses.
  • Pectin de-methylesterification is critical for RALF1-mediated signaling in plants.