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Related Concept Videos

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism01:17

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The reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via anti-Markovnikov addition. The radical chain reaction comprises initiation, propagation, and termination steps.
The mechanism starts with chain initiation, which involves two steps. In the first chain initiation step, a weak peroxide bond is homolytically cleaved upon mild heating to form two alkoxy radicals. In the second initiation step, a hydrogen atom is abstracted by the alkoxy...
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Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

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Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

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Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2025

Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
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Methane C(sp3)-H bond activation by water microbubbles.

Juan Li1, Jinheng Xu2, Qingyuan Song1

  • 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 P. R. China xiayu@jhun.edu.cn.

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|October 4, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbubble oxidation effectively activates methane

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Methane (CH4) utilization is crucial for energy and environmental sustainability.
  • Direct methane activation under mild conditions remains a significant challenge.
  • Existing methods often require high temperatures or harsh catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microbubble-induced oxidation as a novel method for methane activation.
  • To optimize reaction parameters for efficient methane conversion.
  • To explore the potential for scalable and energy-efficient methane utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing microbubbles to create an extensive gas-liquid interface for radical generation.
  • Optimizing gas-liquid interaction time, water temperature, and bubble size.
  • Employing electron spin resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a methane activation rate of up to 6.7% per hour under optimized conditions.
  • Optimal parameters (150 s interaction, 15°C, 50 μm bubbles) yielded significant methane conversion.
  • Confirmed production of ethane and formic acid via free-radical reactions at the interface.

Conclusions:

  • Microbubble-induced oxidation provides an effective and mild pathway for methane activation.
  • The process demonstrates stability and efficiency, suggesting scalability.
  • This method offers a promising, energy-efficient route for methane utilization.