Recent developments in the bio-mediated synthesis of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles using plant extracts for environmental and...

Conventional methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles often involve toxic chemicals, exacerbating environmental issues in the context of climate change and water scarcity. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers a sustainable and viable alternative for CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticle production, but understanding the mechanisms and applications of this method is challenging. Here, we review the synthesis and applications of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles using plant extracts with emphasis on biomedical activity and water treatment. Plant extract-mediated CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles exhibit high surface area, small particle size, unique morphology, sufficient band gap energy, and high saturation magnetization. These nanoparticles demonstrate strong antimicrobial and anticancer activities, highlighting their potential in biomedical treatments. Green CoFe₂O₄ are effective in removing organic dyes, heavy metals, and pharmaceuticals from water, promoting cleaner water resources. Challenges such as scalability and reproducibility still remain, but ongoing research aims to optimize synthesis protocols and explore new applications. This work underscores the importance of sustainable nanotechnology in addressing environmental challenges.