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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

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Coloring Multilayer Zirconia May Affect Its Optical and Mechanical Properties.

S M Čokić1, M Li2, S Huang2

  • 1Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT-Biomaterials Research Group & UZ Leuven, Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Journal of Dental Research
|October 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Pigment additions in multilayer dental zirconia (5Y-PSZ) create agglomerates, reducing optical and mechanical properties and aging resistance. Unpigmented zirconia exhibits superior translucency, strength, and reliability.

Keywords:
CAD-CAMceramicscoloring agent(s)fluorescencematerial testingscanning electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Ceramics
  • Materials Engineering

Background:

  • Monolithic dental zirconia coloring is debated for its effects on material properties.
  • Multilayer 5-mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ) is used for aesthetic dental restorations.
  • Pigment incorporation may influence the optical, mechanical, and aging characteristics of 5Y-PSZ.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of pigments on translucency parameter (TP00), fracture toughness, hardness, biaxial strength, and hydrothermal stability of 5Y-PSZ.
  • To correlate pigment effects with microstructure, phase composition, and aging behavior.
  • To identify the impact of pigment agglomerates on the properties of multilayered zirconia.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of three 5Y-PSZ disks (Zr-AGG_A2, Zr-AGG_BL, Zr-NoAGG) using microscopy (light, fluorescence, nano-SEM), EPMA, XRF, XRD, and micro-Raman spectroscopy.
  • Assessment of optical properties (TP00), mechanical properties (fracture toughness, hardness, biaxial strength), and hydrothermal stability.
  • Microstructural and phase composition analysis, including grain size and Y2O3 content evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Pigmented zirconia (Zr-AGG_A2/BL) contained large, fluorescent agglomerates of Er-, Hf-, and Al-containing grains with lower Y2O3 content compared to unpigmented Zr-NoAGG.
  • Zr-AGG_A2 showed the lowest aging resistance, with degradation localized within pigment agglomerates.
  • Unpigmented Zr-NoAGG exhibited significantly higher TP00, flexural strength, and lower mechanical reliability than pigmented Zr-AGG_A2/BL, despite similar hardness and toughness.

Conclusions:

  • Rare-earth oxide-containing zirconia agglomerates act as pigments, negatively impacting optical and mechanical properties and reducing aging resistance in multilayered 5Y-PSZ.
  • The presence of these agglomerates is the primary cause for the inferior performance of pigmented multilayered zirconia.
  • Unpigmented zirconia demonstrates superior optical and mechanical characteristics and better aging resistance compared to pigmented variants.