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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

16.3K
Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
16.3K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.1K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
24.0K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

22.5K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

7.2K
The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
7.2K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.5K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Related Experiment Videos

PRC2-RNA interactions: Viewpoint from Jimmy K. Guo, Mario R. Blanco, and Mitchell Guttman.

Jimmy K Guo1, Mario R Blanco2, Mitchell Guttman2

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.

Molecular Cell
|October 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many reported Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)-RNA interactions may not occur in vivo. This study highlights technical issues with current evidence, finding a lack of direct biochemical or functional data for PRC2-RNA binding in living organisms.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is a key epigenetic regulator.
  • Numerous studies have reported interactions between PRC2 and RNA.
  • The functional relevance of these reported PRC2-RNA interactions in vivo remains uncertain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the existing evidence for direct PRC2-RNA interactions.
  • To investigate the technical limitations in current methodologies used to study PRC2-RNA binding.
  • To determine if there is sufficient evidence for PRC2-RNA binding in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing biochemical and functional studies on PRC2-RNA interactions.
  • Identification of technical challenges and potential artifacts in current experimental approaches.
  • Assessment of the criteria for establishing direct binding in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Many previously reported PRC2-RNA interactions are functionally dispensable.
  • Significant technical issues exist with the current evidence for direct PRC2-RNA binding.
  • A lack of robust biochemical or functional evidence supports direct PRC2-RNA binding in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • The functional significance of reported PRC2-RNA interactions in vivo is questionable.
  • Current evidence is insufficient to support direct PRC2-RNA binding in vivo.
  • Further rigorous investigation is needed to clarify the in vivo role of PRC2 in RNA interactions.