Radiopharmaceutical extravasations: a twenty year mini-review

Area of Science:

• Nuclear medicine and radiopharmacy.
• Molecular imaging and targeted therapy.

Background:

• Increasing use of radiopharmaceutical therapies and novel molecular imaging agents has spurred interest in extravasation.
• Recent regulatory controversies highlight the need for better understanding of radiopharmaceutical extravasation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the literature on radiopharmaceutical extravasation over the past twenty years.
• To summarize the history, identify trends in imaging and therapies, and highlight research gaps.
• To promote awareness and innovation in theranostic radiopharmaceutical extravasation.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of scientific articles and regulatory documents from the last two decades.
• Analysis of trends in radiopharmaceutical therapy applications and molecular imaging techniques.
• Identification of knowledge gaps and areas for future research.

Main Results:

• The incidence and impact of radiopharmaceutical extravasation have become more prominent.
• Significant advancements in molecular imaging have aided in the detection and management of extravasation.
• Therapeutic strategies for managing extravasation are evolving, but gaps remain.

Conclusions:

• Radiopharmaceutical extravasation is a critical consideration in theranostic applications.
• Further research is needed to optimize management strategies and minimize patient risk.
• Enhanced understanding and standardized protocols are essential for safe and effective radiopharmaceutical use.