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Related Concept Videos

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Mapping and engineering RNA-controlled architecture of the multiphase nucleolus.

S A Quinodoz1,2, L Jiang3, A A Abu-Alfa3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing spatially organizes the nucleolus, a key cellular structure. Defects in rRNA maturation disrupt nucleolar architecture, revealing rRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates drive intracellular compartmentalization.
  • The nucleolus, a nuclear condensate, is vital for ribosome biogenesis and rRNA processing.
  • Understanding rRNA processing's link to nucleolar structure is limited by current tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop methods for spatiotemporal mapping of rRNA processing.
  • To engineer synthetic nucleoli to study structure-function relationships.
  • To elucidate how rRNA maturation dictates nucleolar organization.

Main Methods:

  • Development of complementary approaches for rRNA processing analysis.
  • Spatiotemporal mapping using sequencing and imaging.
  • Engineering of synthetic nucleoli via an rDNA plasmid system.

Main Results:

  • rRNA processing steps are spatially segregated within the nucleolus.
  • Sequential rRNA maturation drives its movement through nucleolar phases.
  • SSU processing defects alter nucleolar phase order, leading to 'inside-out' nucleoli.
  • LSU precursors are essential for the outermost nucleolar layer.

Conclusions:

  • rRNA acts as both a scaffold and substrate in nucleolar assembly.
  • rRNA sequence dictates the multiphase architecture of the nucleolus.
  • This architecture facilitates the assembly of essential molecular machines like ribosomes.