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Related Concept Videos

Action Potential01:31

Action Potential

7.8K
Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they...
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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Action Potentials01:41

Action Potentials

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Overview
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Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Functions of the Nervous System01:18

Functions of the Nervous System

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The nervous system is responsible for coordinating and regulating the body's functions. It functions through three main processes: sensory, integrative, and motor processes. Sensory function involves the detection and transmission of information about internal and external stimuli from sensory receptors to the CNS. The CNS processes this information through an integrative function, where it interprets and makes decisions based on the incoming sensory information. Finally, the motor function...
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Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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The brain-eye connection: More than just action potentials.

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  • 1John F. Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.

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|October 10, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) traveling from the brain to the retina, causing retinal degeneration. This study reveals a novel pathway linking brain pathology to eye damage in AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • The optic nerve traditionally transmits visual information between the eye and brain.
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) influx from the brain to the retina in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To explore connections between the eye and brain beyond the optic nerve in the context of AD pathology.

Main Methods:

  • The study by Cao et al. utilized advanced techniques to trace the movement of Aβ.
  • Experimental models were employed to observe the impact of Aβ on retinal tissues.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that the connection between the eye and brain extends beyond optic nerve impulses.
  • Showed that toxic Aβ influx from the brain to the retina is a key factor in AD-induced retinal degeneration.

Conclusions:

  • The retina is directly affected by brain pathology in Alzheimer's disease through Aβ transport.
  • This finding opens new avenues for understanding and potentially treating AD-related visual impairments.