Computer-Aided Design of VEGFR-2 Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: A Review

Due to its intricate molecular and structural characteristics, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) is essential for the development of new blood vessels in various pathological processes and conditions, especially in cancers. VEGFR-2 inhibitors have demonstrated significant anticancer effects by blocking many signaling pathways linked to tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Several small compounds, including the well-tolerated sunitinib and sorafenib, have been approved as VEGFR-2 inhibitors. However, the widespread side effects linked to these VEGFR-2 inhibitors-hypertension, epistaxis, proteinuria, and upper respiratory infection-motivate researchers to search for new VEGFR-2 inhibitors with better pharmacokinetic profiles. The key molecular interactions required for the interaction of the small molecules with the protein target to produce the desired pharmacological effects are identified using computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods such as pharmacophore and QSAR modeling, structure-based virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation coupled with MM/PB(GB)SA, and other computational strategies. This review discusses the applications of these methods for VEGFR-2 inhibitor design. Future VEGFR-2 inhibitor designs may be influenced by this review, which focuses on the current trends of using multiple screening layers to design better inhibitors.