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Related Concept Videos

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Metabolic reprogramming in skeletal cell differentiation.

Joshua C Bertels1, Guangxu He1,2, Fanxin Long3,4

  • 1Department of Surgery, Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopedics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Bone Research
|October 11, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular metabolism significantly impacts skeletal cell differentiation and bone health. This review explores how metabolic pathways and epigenetic changes influence chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts for better bone maintenance.

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The human skeleton relies on diverse cell types for homeostasis and function.
  • Cell differentiation is crucial for skeletal development, growth, and remodeling.
  • The role of cellular metabolism in skeletal cell differentiation is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the influence of growth factors and transcription factors on cellular metabolism in skeletal cells.
  • To explore how metabolic pathways meet the needs of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
  • To summarize the link between metabolic alterations and epigenetic modifications during skeletal cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on skeletal cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of research on growth factors, transcription factors, and cellular metabolism.
  • Synthesis of evidence connecting metabolic changes to epigenetic modifications.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic pathways are reprogrammed by growth factors and transcription factors to support skeletal cell functions.
  • Key metabolites can epigenetically regulate cell fate in skeletal tissues.
  • Emerging evidence links metabolic shifts to epigenetic modifications during skeletal cell differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular metabolism plays a critical role in regulating skeletal cell differentiation and function.
  • Understanding these metabolic and epigenetic links can provide insights into skeletal health and disease.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay between metabolism and epigenetics in the skeleton.