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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood01:25

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the role of thinking in a child's learning process, suggesting that children are naturally curious about their environment. His approach to development is discontinuous, proposing that cognitive abilities progress through distinct stages, each with unique characteristics. Central to Piaget's theory is schemata—mental structures that allow individuals to understand and interpret the world.
Schemata: Building Blocks of Knowledge
Schemata...
Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
Exploration...
Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development

The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone, blending...
Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development01:17

Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development

During Piaget's concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 11, children exhibit a marked increase in logical thinking skills, specifically in relation to tangible, real-world events. This stage is characterized by the development of several essential cognitive concepts, including conservation, reversibility, and classification, all of which support the child's evolving capacity for structured thought.
Conservation and Constancy of Quantity
A significant cognitive milestone in the concrete...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
11:18

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Quantifying toddler exploration in different postures with powered mobility.

Nicole L Zaino1,2, Kimberly A Ingraham2,3, Mia E Hoffman1,2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Assistive Technology : the Official Journal of RESNA
|October 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toddlers with disabilities quickly learn to use powered mobility devices in both seated and standing positions. Standing play may enhance muscle activity, supporting development and potential walking skills.

Keywords:
explorationjoystickstandingtoddlerwheelchair

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric rehabilitation
  • Assistive technology
  • Motor development

Background:

  • Powered mobility devices offer crucial support for play and development in young children with disabilities.
  • Standing powered mobility is hypothesized to improve motor skills, balance, and trunk stability, potentially aiding ambulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and analyze joystick control, bodyweight support, and muscle activity in toddlers using the Permobil Explorer Mini.
  • To compare these parameters between seated and supported standing postures.

Main Methods:

  • Nine children with mobility disabilities participated in four sessions.
  • Each child completed two 15-20 minute play sessions, one in each posture (seated and standing).
  • Joystick control, bodyweight distribution, and muscle activation were measured.

Main Results:

  • All participants actively engaged with the joystick in both postures, exhibiting unique control patterns.
  • Similar foot loading was observed in both seated and standing positions.
  • Slightly elevated muscle activity, particularly during active driving, was noted in the standing posture.

Conclusions:

  • Young children with disabilities readily adapt to joystick-controlled powered mobility in both seated and standing configurations.
  • Individual differences in control strategies are apparent and significant.
  • Findings suggest that powered mobility, including standing options, can be tailored to individual needs, informing device design and therapeutic interventions.