Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Retinal and Choroidal Thickness Changes in Populations with Helicobacter pylori Infection by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
Published on: November 1, 2024
Risk of Intestinal Complications, Extraintestinal Morbidity, and Mortality in Patients with Crohn's Disease and
Amer F Alsoudi1, Karen M Wai2, Euna Koo2
1Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Purpose:
Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and subsequent ocular manifestations may have worse outcomes when compared to matched patients with CD without ocular disease.
Methods:
In this retrospective cohort study, an aggregated electronic health records research network, TriNetX (Cambridge, MA, USA), was used to identify patients diagnosed with CD stratified by the presence or absence of ocular involvement with at least 1 year of follow-up. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to control for baseline demographics and medical comorbidities.
Results:
Patients with CD with ocular disease showed a greater risk of undergoing bowel resections (RR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.48-2.85, p < 0.001), developing other CD-related gastrointestinal complications (RR: 1.31, CI: 1.15-1.49, p < 0.001), or acquiring Clostridioides difficile infections (RR: 2.19, CI: 1.89-2.54, p < 0.001). Further, patients with CD with ocular sequelae had a greater risk of developing NASH (RR: 1.43, CI: 1.31-1.56, p < 0.001), CD-related nutrient deficiencies (RR: 1.38, CI: 1.29-1.49, p < 0.001), iron deficiency anemia (RR: 1.41, CI: 1.33-1.50, p < 0.001), CD-related dermatological disease (RR: 1.84, CI: 1.65-2.05, p < 0.001), osteoporosis (RR: 1.49, CI: 1.37-1.64, p < 0.001) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (RR: 1.63, CI: 1.11-2.38, p = 0.011). Among patients with CD with ocular involvement, there was an elevated risk of MI (RR: 1.36, CI: 1.14-1.63, p < 0.001), stroke (RR: 1.42, CI: 1.18-1.70, p < 0.001), VTE (RR: 1.37, CI: 1.22-1.54, p < 0.001), and sepsis (RR: 1.53, CI: 1.37-1.71, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Patients who have CD and subsequent ocular involvement have an increased risk of local intestinal complications, extraintestinal morbidity, and cardiovascular complications when compared to patients with CD without ocular involvement.
Related Concept Videos
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
Glaucoma: Overview
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:

