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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

106
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
106
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

417
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
417
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

218
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
218
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

196
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
196
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

587
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
587
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

410
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
410

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Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery
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Anesthetic considerations for fetal interventions.

Jagroop M Parikh1, Lindsay Warner2, Debnath Chatterjee3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
|October 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal therapy and anesthesia are advancing rapidly. Anesthesia management for fetal surgery prioritizes maternal and fetal safety, optimizing outcomes through multidisciplinary care and innovative techniques.

Keywords:
Ex-utero intrapartum treatmentFetal analgesiaFetal heart rateFetal monitoringFetal therapyUteroplacental circulation

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Fetal therapy is a dynamic field requiring multidisciplinary collaboration.
  • Advances in prenatal imaging and genetic diagnostics enhance understanding of fetal anomalies.
  • Successful fetal therapy programs depend on comprehensive obstetric, neonatal, and support services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current anesthesia practices for fetal surgery.
  • To highlight recent advancements in fetal anesthesia.
  • To discuss future directions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on fetal surgery anesthesia.
  • Analysis of anesthetic challenges and management strategies.
  • Examination of technological and surgical advancements.

Main Results:

  • Fetal anesthesia requires careful management of both mother and fetus.
  • Key considerations include maternal safety, uteroplacental perfusion, and surgical conditions.
  • Improved surgical techniques and anesthetic management contribute to better outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesia for fetal surgery presents unique challenges.
  • Current practices focus on optimizing safety and outcomes for mother and fetus.
  • Continued advancements are expected to further improve fetal therapy.