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Related Concept Videos

Residual Stresses01:26

Residual Stresses

207
Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
207
Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts01:10

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

165
In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the...
165
Residual Stresses in Bending01:18

Residual Stresses in Bending

152
In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
152
Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

Stress: General Loading Conditions

301
To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes....
301
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

153
In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as...
153
Stresses under Combined Loadings01:23

Stresses under Combined Loadings

146
When analyzing a bent tube with a circular cross-section subjected to multiple forces, it is crucial to determine the stress distribution in order to maintain structural integrity under varied load conditions.
The process begins by slicing the tube at critical points and analyzing the internal forces and stress components at these sections, focusing on the centroid. Normal stresses, generated by axial forces and bending moments, are either compressive or tensile and vary across the section from...
146

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Micromechanical Tension Testing of Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Specimens
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Study of Residual Stress Using Phased Array Ultrasonics in Ti-6AL-4V Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured Components.

Joseph Walker1, Brandon Mills1, Yashar Javadi1,2

  • 1Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering (EEE), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Phased array ultrasonics accurately measure residual stress in wire-arc additively manufactured titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) components. This non-destructive technique offers comparable results to the contour method, improving accuracy and mitigating anomalies for WAAM parts.

Keywords:
contour methodphased array ultrasonics testingresidual stresswire-arc additive manufacturing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Non-Destructive Testing
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Residual stress (RS) significantly impacts the performance and integrity of additively manufactured components.
  • Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a growing technique for titanium alloy parts, but RS assessment remains challenging.
  • Accurate RS measurement is crucial for quality control and predicting the service life of WAAM Ti-6Al-4V.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate phased array ultrasonics (PAU) as a non-destructive method for measuring residual stress in WAAM Ti-6Al-4V.
  • To compare PAU results with a destructive verification method, the contour method (CM).
  • To assess the effectiveness and accuracy improvements offered by PAU for RS analysis in WAAM.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized phased array ultrasonics (PAU) for non-destructive residual stress measurement.
  • Employed the contour method (CM) for destructive verification and comparison of RS distribution.
  • Analyzed Ti-6Al-4V samples fabricated using wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM).

Main Results:

  • PAU measurements showed good agreement with CM results for residual stress distribution.
  • PAU demonstrated comparable accuracy to CM, with potential for enhanced precision through element averaging.
  • Identified and mitigated anomalies in RS data using PAU's per-element analysis and averaging capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Phased array ultrasonics is a viable and effective non-destructive method for residual stress measurement in WAAM Ti-6Al-4V.
  • PAU offers advantages over traditional methods, including improved accuracy and anomaly mitigation.
  • This study supports the adoption of PAU for quality assurance of WAAM titanium components.