Clinical-applied anatomy of the carpal tunnel regarding mini-invasive carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel release is a widely performed procedure. Despite a high success rate, iatrogenic neurovascular injuries can occur which lead to a painful and unsatisfying outcome. This study conducted a detailed examination of the anatomy of the carpal tunnel and the proximity of neurovascular structures that are particularly susceptible to injury, especially in the context of minimally invasive carpal tunnel release procedures.

The anatomy of the carpal tunnel of 104 wrists of 52 body donors was examined. The precise anatomical location and the presence of variations were recorded for the median nerve, ulnar nerve, ulnar artery and Berrettini branch. The distance between the median nerve, the ulnar artery, the ulnar nerve, and the Berrettini branch was measured in a proximo-distal and radio-ulnar direction in relation to the distal ulnar end of the carpal tunnel.

The authors identified four main dangerous anatomical situations. (1) A proximal separation of the Long-Finger/Ring-Finger branch of the median nerve together with a narrow safe-zone; (2) an ulnar take-off of the recurrent muscle branch of the median nerve with a close radio-ulnar distance to the distal ulnar end of carpal tunnel; (3) an ulnar arterial arch lying close to the transverse carpal ligament; and (4) a proximal Berrettini branch also lying close to the latter. All situations are illustrated by photographs. Additionally, the authors present a sonographic carpal tunnel assessment protocol in order to reduce the risk of injury of any neurovascular structure in the proximity of the carpal tunnel.

Certain patients may inherently face an increased risk of neurovascular injuries during minimally invasive carpal tunnel releases due to their anatomical variations. Four potentially risky scenarios were clearly illustrated. Consequently, one may consider conducting a preoperative ultrasound assessment of neurovascular structures at risk, when endoscopic or ultrasound-guided tunnel release are planned. In high-risk patients, open surgery should be preferred.

II.