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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting characteristics, but all three have two things in common: they transfer heat solely because of a temperature difference; and the greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat transfer.
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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
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Pushing Radiative Cooling Technology to Real Applications.

Chongjia Lin1, Keqiao Li1, Meng Li1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 17, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiative cooling surfaces offer solutions for global warming and energy saving. This review addresses key challenges in optical efficiency, durability, and manufacturing for practical applications.

Keywords:
dynamic thermal managementlong‐term durabilityoptical metasurfacesradiative coolingscalable manufacturing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Optics

Background:

  • Radiative cooling leverages surface optical properties to reflect solar radiation and emit thermal radiation.
  • It presents a passive technology for cooling, with applications in energy saving and environmental protection.
  • Current limitations hinder widespread adoption, including efficiency, durability, and manufacturing scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of radiative cooling technology.
  • To identify and discuss the primary challenges hindering practical applications.
  • To explore advanced solutions and guide future research and industrial development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of optical fundamentals of radiative cooling.
  • Analysis of challenges in optical efficiency, appearance, overcooling, durability, and manufacturing.
  • Exploration of solutions via structural design, material selection, and fabrication processes.

Main Results:

  • Identified five key challenges for practical radiative cooling applications.
  • Discussed advanced strategies to overcome these challenges.
  • Highlighted the need for integrated approaches in material design and fabrication.

Conclusions:

  • Radiative cooling technology holds significant potential for sustainable development.
  • Addressing the identified challenges is crucial for realizing its full potential.
  • This review provides a roadmap for future advancements in radiative cooling.