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    Area of Science:

    • Plasma physics
    • Optical diagnostics
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Traditional Second-Harmonic Dispersion Interferometry (SHDI) is limited by small probe beam diameters (typically <1mm).
    • Measuring two-dimensional (2D) density profiles of pulsed plasma jets requires advanced diagnostic techniques.
    • Scaling diagnostic tools is crucial for characterizing larger or faster plasma phenomena.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate an SHDI system capable of measuring 2D line-integrated density profiles of pulsed plasma jets using significantly larger probe beam diameters.
    • To evaluate the performance of different beam expander types (achromatic vs. reflective) in enhancing the SHDI's measurement capabilities.
    • To map the performance of a pulsed plasma gun by analyzing its density profiles under varied operational parameters.

    Main Methods:

    • Assembly of a Second-Harmonic Dispersion Interferometer (SHDI) with probe beam diameters expanded to 35mm using achromatic-beam expanders (ABEs) or reflective-beam expanders (RBEs).
    • Comparison of phase image quality and background noise levels between ABE and RBE configurations.
    • Characterization of a 3cm diameter × 5cm long pulsed plasma jet by varying plasma gun timing parameters (gas valve opening time, gas injection delay) at constant discharge current.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 2D (r, z) density-profile measurements of a pulsed plasma jet using a 35mm diameter probe beam with RBEs.
    • Identified that ABEs introduce significant periodic background phase noise (Δϕ ∼ 2π radians), while RBEs minimally affect background phase (Δϕbg ∼ 0.025 radians).
    • Measured nominal line-integrated electron densities of Nedl ≳ 3 × 10^15 cm^-2 and volumetric densities of Ne ≃ 9 × 10^15 cm^-3 for the plasma jet.

    Conclusions:

    • Reflective-beam expanders (RBEs) are superior to achromatic-beam expanders (ABEs) for large-diameter SHDI applications due to minimal background phase introduction.
    • The 2D-SHDI platform, particularly with RBEs, is scalable to larger sample areas and potentially rep-rated systems.
    • The enhanced SHDI offers reproducible, time-resolved (~1 ns), and high-resolution (~100μm) measurements of 2D plasma density profiles, advancing plasma diagnostics.