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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Odor representation and coding by the mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb.

Panke Wang1, Shan Li2, An'an Li3

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.

Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B
|October 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review details how mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb (OB) represent odor information. It explores neural circuits and coding strategies like spatial and temporal coding for odor perception.

Keywords:
Information encodingMitral/tufted cellsNeural representationOdor identityOlfactory bulb

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research

Background:

  • The olfactory bulb (OB) is a critical brain region for processing smell.
  • Mitral/tufted cells are the sole output neurons of the OB, responsible for encoding odor information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding odor representation and encoding within the OB.
  • To summarize the neural strategies and mechanisms employed by mitral/tufted cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on OB neurons and circuits.
  • Analysis of spatial and temporal coding strategies in rodent OB models.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of cell types and neural circuits within and beyond the OB.
  • Explanation of how spatial and temporal coding contribute to odor perception.

Conclusions:

  • The OB precisely represents odor information through mitral/tufted cell activity.
  • Current understanding of OB odor encoding involves complex neural strategies.
  • Future research directions in OB olfactory processing are highlighted.