Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

3.7K
Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
3.7K
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

11.2K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
11.2K
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

6.3K
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
6.3K
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

6.4K
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
6.4K
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

7.1K
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
7.1K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

3.4K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Biomaterial-Integrated Electroporation for Therapeutic Delivery: From Gene Editing to Tumor Ablation and Immune Modulation.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Closed-loop iron chelate recycling via molecularly imprinted hydrogels suppresses ferroptosis.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Targeting RBPMS selectively eliminates FOXO1-mediated stem cell signatures in mouse models of acute myeloid leukemia.

Science translational medicine·2026
Same author

Apoptotic Vesicle Membrane-Mediated Targeted Endothelial Mitochondrial Transplantation-Clearance Therapy for Diabetic Wound Healing.

Research (Washington, D.C.)·2026
Same author

A Zone-Specific, Minimally Invasive Approach with a Rotary Cutting System for Moderate-to-Severe Fibrotic Buffalo Hump.

Aesthetic plastic surgery·2026
Same author

In Situ Stress-Dispersing Hydrogel Millispheres via Load Redistribution to Restore Nucleus Pulposus Metabolic Homeostasis.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

10.6K

Engineering strategies for apoptotic bodies.

Zheyuan Hu1, Shutong Qian1,2, Qiuyu Zhao1

  • 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China.

Smart Medicine
|October 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Apoptotic bodies (ABs), secreted during cell death, show promise for therapies but have variable efficacy. Bioengineering strategies can optimize ABs for enhanced drug delivery and targeting in clinical applications.

Keywords:
apoptotic bodiesengineeringextracellular vesicles

More Related Videos

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

18.0K
Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

10.6K
Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

18.0K
Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication, with apoptotic bodies (ABs) being key vesicles released during apoptosis.
  • ABs are rich in biomolecules and possess inherent targeting capabilities, making them attractive for therapeutic applications.
  • Current challenges include heterogeneous therapeutic efficacy and potential side effects like organ accumulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review bioengineering strategies for optimizing apoptotic bodies (ABs) for therapeutic applications.
  • To explore methods for enhancing AB cargo loading, targeting precision, and multifunctionality.
  • To provide insights into the engineering of ABs for improved clinical implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of bioengineering techniques including transfection, sonication, and electroporation for AB cargo loading.
  • Discussion of surface engineering and biomaterial integration for enhanced AB targeting.
  • Analysis of strategies to improve drug-loading efficiency and targeting precision of ABs.

Main Results:

  • Bioengineering offers viable methods to overcome limitations of native ABs.
  • Optimized ABs demonstrate enhanced drug-loading capacity and improved targeting specificity.
  • Engineered ABs show potential for improved therapeutic outcomes in various clinical fields.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptotic bodies (ABs) represent a promising cell-derived nanocarrier platform for advanced therapeutics.
  • Bioengineering is crucial for tailoring AB properties to enhance their efficacy and safety.
  • Further research into AB engineering will facilitate their translation into clinical practice.