Exploration of Metal-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Agent: A Comprehensive Review

Over the past two decades, nanotechnology has captured significant interest, especially in the medical field, where the unique characteristics of nanoscale particles offer substantial advantages. The family of nanosized materials, specifically iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), has emerged as promising due to their magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and substantial surface area for therapeutic molecule attachment. The review explores various strategies to enhance the antibacterial properties of IONPs, such as metal doping, which modifies their physicochemical, biological, electrical, and optical properties. Metal-doped IONPs, including those with nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, gold, and others, have shown that they effectively eradicate viruses and bacteria. The mechanisms behind their enhanced antibacterial activity involve generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting antibiotic-resistant genes, disrupting cell walls and DNA, dysfunction of efflux pumps, and internalizing nanoparticles. The review also addresses the potential toxicity of IONPs, highlighting factors such as their dimension, form, and outermost layers, which change how they affect the overall condition of cellular structures. Surface coatings using polymers and essential oils are among the strategies being investigated as potential ways to reduce toxicity. This review additionally looks into IONPs' drug delivery potential for antibiotics and antifungals. The integration of IONPs with various pharmaceutical compounds and their controlled release mechanisms are also detailed. The review concludes by offering a positive outlook on the potential enhancements and prospects of IONPs. Challenges in synthesis technologies, size tuning, and surface alteration are acknowledged, emphasizing the need for continued research to fully harness the capabilities of IONPs in biomedical applications.