Autophagy in oral cancer: Promises and challenges (Review)

Autophagy captures damaged or dysfunctional proteins and organelles through the lysosomal pathway to achieve proper cellular homeostasis. Autophagy possesses distinct characteristics and is given recognized functions in numerous physiological and pathological conditions, such as cancer. Early stage cancer development can be stopped by autophagy. After tumor cells have successfully undergone transformation and progressed to a late stage, the autophagy-mediated system of dynamic degradation and recycling will support cancer cell growth and adaptation to various cellular stress responses while preserving energy homeostasis. In the present study, the dual function that autophagy plays in various oral cancer development contexts and stages, the existing arguments for and against autophagy, and the ways in which autophagy contributes to oral cancer modifications, such as carcinogenesis, drug resistance, invasion, metastasis and self-proliferation, are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in oral cancer processes, and the most recent findings on the application of certain conventional drugs or natural compounds as novel agents that modulate autophagy in oral cancer are discussed. Overall, further research is needed to determine the validity and reliability of autophagy promotion and inhibition while maximizing the difficult challenge of increasing cancer suppression to improve clinical outcomes.