Anti-Inflammatory Activities of New Compounds Isolated from the Fruits of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill

Forty-nine compounds, including six previously unknown together with forty-three known ones, were isolated from the fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Their structures were elucidated using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) methods. All isolates were evaluated their anti-inflammatory activity. The results indicated that compounds 1 and 6 inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC₅₀ values of 41.77±1.80, 46.72±1.75 μmol/L, respectively. Moreover, the potential targets of the four active ingredients were explored through network pharmacology, revealing that SRC, TP53, AKT1, and PIK3CA may serve as key anti-inflammatory targets. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-6 were first observed in this experiment.