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Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Published on: March 6, 2009

A new strategy for systematically classifying HLA alleles into serological specificities: Update and refinement.

Kazutoyo Osoegawa¹, Kenneth Yim¹, Megan Jeracki¹

¹Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.

|October 22, 2024

Summary

This study validates 20 novel Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) antigens using single antigen bead (SAB) assay data. The findings refine HLA antigen identification and improve antibody assessment for transplantation.

Keywords:

HLA antigen HLA nomenclature correlation linear regression serological specificity single antigen bead

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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

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Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

Published on: March 6, 2009

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunogenetics
Transplantation immunology
Serology

Background:

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) antigens were historically defined by cell reactivity patterns with allo-antisera and monoclonal antibodies.
Amino acid residues determining epitopes (DEP) are now correlated with HLA reactivity.
Current clinical practice uses Luminex-based single antigen bead (SAB) assays to detect allo-antibodies in transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

To validate newly proposed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) antigens with novel epitope patterns.
To assess the utility of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) data from SAB assays for antigen validation.
To refine the identification of HLA antigens, particularly common ones, for improved antibody assessment.

Main Methods:

Extracted mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values from Luminex-based single antigen bead (SAB) assays for over 13,000 patient sera.
Analyzed SAB data using scatter plots and linear regression to identify correlations and outliers between HLA antigens.
Confirmed outlier findings using flow cytometric crossmatches to validate true or false antigen assignments.

Main Results:

High correlations were observed between proteins considered the same antigen (e.g., HLA-A*02:01 and -A*02:06).
Discrete asymmetric outliers identified distinct antigens (e.g., HLA-A*30:01 and -A*30:02), validating 20 novel HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR antigens.
Substitutions at specific residues (HLA-B:67, HLA-DR:67 and 74) are suggested for further distinguishing common antigens.

Conclusions:

Systematic serologic analysis of SAB data effectively identifies and confirms novel HLA antigens.
The validation of 20 new antigens and refined identification criteria enhance the accuracy of HLA typing.
These advancements will optimize SAB panels and improve virtual crossmatch assessments for donor-specific antibodies, benefiting transplantation.