Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 9, 2025
16:02
Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation
Published on: February 10, 2023
2.6K
Naloxone Distribution Models in the United States: A Scoping Review
Nina Vadiei1, David R Axon2, Becka Eckert2
1Division of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Substance Use & Addiction Journal
|October 25, 2024
Summary
Naloxone distribution models in the US vary, with community programs and pharmacies being most common. Improved data collection is needed to assess which opioid overdose prevention strategies are most effective.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Pharmacology
- Health Services Research
Background:
- Increasing naloxone distribution is crucial for mitigating opioid overdose deaths.
- Diverse naloxone distribution models exist across states and health systems.
- Understanding model differences, strengths, and barriers is vital for implementation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and compare different naloxone distribution models in the United States.
- To identify the strengths and limitations of various naloxone distribution strategies.
- To highlight the need for improved outcome data in naloxone distribution programs.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search of four databases: PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library.
- Inclusion of English-language reports on US-based naloxone distribution models, regardless of study design.
- Data extraction and analysis of 49 selected articles from an initial 5825 identified.
Main Results:
- Community-based programs and pharmacies (via standing orders) are the most frequent naloxone distribution models.
- Feasibility is a common strength, but cost is a frequent limitation across models.
- Few studies reported on health or economic outcomes, such as overdose reversals or cost-savings.
Conclusions:
- Naloxone distribution in the US occurs through various models, primarily community-based and pharmacy settings.
- There is a critical need for enhanced data collection and reporting on health outcomes.
- Future research should focus on evaluating which distribution model factors improve layperson access and reduce overdose mortality.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:22Opioid Receptors: Overview
549
Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
549
01:25Drug Distribution as One-Compartment Model and Elimination by Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview
49
Drug administration can occur through various routes, each of which may result in a different process of elimination. This process is often mixed with nonlinear and linear processes. It's important to understand that a single drug can be metabolized into different metabolites through parallel processes.
For instance, consider the metabolism of sodium salicylate. This compound is metabolized into two distinct substances: a glucuronide and a glycine conjugate. The rate of conjugation depends...
For instance, consider the metabolism of sodium salicylate. This compound is metabolized into two distinct substances: a glucuronide and a glycine conjugate. The rate of conjugation depends...
49
01:15Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids
234
Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
234
01:20Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview
600
Pharmacokinetic models utilize mathematical analysis to achieve a detailed quantitative understanding of a drug's life cycle within the body. They are instrumental in simulating a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters, predicting drug concentrations over time, optimizing dosage regimens, linking concentrations with pharmacologic activity, and estimating potential toxicity.
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...
600
01:25Analgesia and Pain Management
534
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
534
01:26Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion
46
Physiological and compartmental models are valuable tools used in studying biological systems. These models rely on differential equations to maintain mass balance within the system, ensuring an accurate representation of the dynamic processes at play.
Physiological models take a detailed approach by considering specific molecular processes. They can predict drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination changes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how drugs interact with the body.
Physiological models take a detailed approach by considering specific molecular processes. They can predict drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination changes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how drugs interact with the body.
46