Research and Scholarly Methods: Using Theory, Models, and Frameworks to Guide Study Design

A research project should include the use of a well-chosen theory, model, or framework. However, this is often missing in published research. The critical importance of incorporating theory, models, and frameworks into pharmacy practice research to enhance the rigor, relevance, and generalizability of study findings is highlighted in this paper. Beginning by defining what constitutes a theory, model, or framework, and then discussing their pivotal role in guiding research design, methodology, data interpretation, and the development of interventions, this paper addresses not only the importance of using them but also outlines practical considerations for identifying and integrating them at various stages of the research process within pharmacy practice. An overview of several widely used theories, models, and frameworks relevant to this field is provided, including the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Health Belief Model, the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, the Donabedian Model, and the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change. For each of these, clear explanations are offered, and their unique contributions to advancing the discipline are discussed. Furthermore, concrete examples demonstrating how these theories, models, and frameworks have been applied in pharmacy practice or pharmacy-related research are presented, illustrating their value in addressing diverse research questions and promoting evidence-based practice. Through this review, we aim to empower researchers and practitioners on how to thoughtfully select and apply theories, models, and frameworks, thereby ultimately advancing the science and practice of pharmacy.