Research and Scholarly Methods: Using Theory, Models, and Frameworks to Guide Study Design.

Area of Science:

• Pharmacy Practice Research
• Health Services Research
• Implementation Science

Background:

• Published pharmacy practice research often lacks a theoretical foundation.
• The absence of theory, models, or frameworks can limit study rigor, relevance, and generalizability.
• Theoretical underpinnings are crucial for robust research design and interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the critical importance of theories, models, and frameworks in pharmacy practice research.
• To provide practical guidance on identifying and integrating these elements into the research process.
• To review widely used theories, models, and frameworks relevant to pharmacy practice.

Main Methods:

• Defining theories, models, and frameworks.
• Discussing their role in research design, methodology, data interpretation, and intervention development.
• Presenting an overview and examples of selected theories, models, and frameworks applied in pharmacy practice.

Main Results:

• Theories, models, and frameworks are pivotal for guiding all stages of the research process.
• Several key models like the Health Belief Model and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research are applicable to pharmacy.
• Examples demonstrate their value in diverse research questions and promoting evidence-based practice.

Conclusions:

• Thoughtful selection and application of theories, models, and frameworks are essential for advancing pharmacy science and practice.
• These tools enhance the rigor, relevance, and generalizability of research findings.
• Empowering researchers to utilize these components will improve evidence-based pharmacy interventions.