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Selection of Force Sensors for In Situ Measurement of Neotissue Microenvironments.

Marta Rodriguez Navas1, Eric M Darling1,2,3,4

  • 1Institute for Biology, Engineering, and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

Tissue Engineering. Part A
|October 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing cell-sized hydrogel force sensors is crucial for measuring tissue mechanics. Larger, softer sensors with specific coatings enhance measurement accuracy and directionality in engineered tissues.

Keywords:
3D cell culturecartilagemechanical effects on cells and tissuesmesenchymal stem cellstissue development and growth

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Cellular Mechanics

Background:

  • Mechanical forces regulate native and engineered tissues.
  • Measuring microenvironmental forces in cell-dense models is challenging.
  • Previous work developed cell-sized hydrogel force sensors for computational force assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how physical characteristics of force sensors impact mechanical force measurements.
  • To optimize sensor design for improved sensitivity and precision in neotissue models.
  • To understand the influence of sensor coatings on force directionality.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrogel force sensors were varied in size, elastic modulus, and surface coating.
  • Sensors were incorporated into stem cell suspensions that self-assembled into neotissues.
  • High-content imaging analyzed over a thousand sensors to assess measurement fidelity.

Main Results:

  • Optimal measurement fidelity was achieved with sensors >20 µm diameter and ~0.2 kPa modulus.
  • Collagen and N-cadherin coatings enabled tensile force measurements, with N-cadherin showing greater force.
  • Uncoated sensors experienced compression; actin cytoskeleton disruption reduced forces, while microtubule disruption had no effect.

Conclusions:

  • Sensor size and stiffness are critical for accurate force measurement in neotissues.
  • Surface coatings modulate cell-sensor interactions, influencing force directionality (tensile vs. compressive).
  • This technology offers potential for studying in situ tissue development and monitoring engineered constructs.