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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
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Protein Modifications During Early Embryo Development.

Le Zhang1, Yanbing Zhang1, Hailong Sun1

  • 1Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.

American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
|October 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein modifications are key to embryonic development. This study reveals crucial changes in human and mouse embryos, suggesting similar trends in posttranslational modifications (PTMs) for successful development.

Keywords:
acetylationembryo developmentmethylationphosphorylationubiquitination

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Zygotic Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-bleaching Analysis for Chromatin Looseness That Allows Full-term Development
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Infertility is a global health issue, with assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) offering limited success due to low blastocyst development rates.
  • Protein modifications are vital for cellular functions, including reproductive processes, yet their role in early embryonic development requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics and patterns of protein modifications during human and mouse embryonic development.
  • To identify key stages and types of protein modifications influencing early embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition and analysis of human and mouse proteomic data using tandem mass tag (TMT)-mass spectrometry.
  • Functional annotation via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses.
  • Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis using the STRING database and visualization of modified proteins using heatmaps.

Main Results:

  • Identified and characterized modification-related proteins in human embryo development, with the 4-cell to 8-cell stage identified as a potential demarcation period for expression patterns.
  • Elucidated specific methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination events during mouse embryogenesis using quantitative mass spectrometry.
  • Findings in mouse embryos provide partial validation for observed trends in human embryonic development.

Conclusions:

  • Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in human preimplantation embryos likely follow similar developmental trends as observed in mice.
  • These conserved PTM trends may play synergistic and finely tuned regulatory roles essential for successful embryonic development.