Histopathological changes in the human tissues in various types of poisoning: A cross-sectional autopsy study

Poisoning is a critical health issue caused by exposure to harmful substances, leading to a range of biological effects from mild irritation to severe organ damage and death. Acute poisoning is particularly prevalent in developing countries reliant on agriculture, where agricultural poisons such as organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and aluminum/zinc phosphide are common. This study aims to analyze the histopathological changes in various organs in autopsy of poisoning cases to understand the extent and nature of organ damage.

Autopsies were performed on cases with an established or suspected history of poison ingestion. Tissue samples from the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain, and lungs were examined for histopathological changes.

Out of 52 cases analyzed, aluminum phosphide was the predominant poison, accounting for 76.92 % of cases. Histopathological findings in poisoning cases included significant pulmonary edema (55.77 %), intra-alveolar hemorrhage (48.08 %), liver ballooning degeneration (48.08 %), acute tubular necrosis (51.92 %) in kidney, and universal brain and spleen congestion (100 %). Stomach findings showed partial loss of rugosity (80.77 %), congestion (51.92 %), necrosis of the mucosa (30.77 %), congestion (71.15 %), denudation of the epithelium (48.08 %), and mucosal inflammation (48.08 %) as predominant findings. Aluminum phosphide caused severe histopathological changes across all examined organs.

The study highlights the critical role of histopathological examination in diagnosing and understanding organ damage in poisoning cases. Forensic pathologists can use these histopathological patterns as reference points to differentiate poisoning from other causes of death, aiding in accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.