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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Electromagnetic Design and Performance of a Conical Microwave Blackbody Target for Radiometer Calibration.

Derek A Houtz1,2, William Emery2, Dazhen Gu1

  • 1RF Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing : a Publication of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
|October 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A new conical blackbody was developed for calibrating microwave radiometers. This high-emissivity device ensures accurate brightness temperature measurements for space and ground systems.

Keywords:
Blackbodybrightness-temperature standardcalibration sourcecalibration targetcold loadhot loadmicrowave absorberpermeabilitypermittivityradiometer calibration

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Area of Science:

  • Microwave Engineering
  • Metrology
  • Electromagnetics

Background:

  • Accurate calibration of radiometers is crucial for remote sensing and space missions.
  • Existing calibration sources have limitations in broadband performance and temperature stability.
  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) requires a primary standard for brightness temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a broadband passive microwave calibration source (blackbody).
  • To achieve high emissivity and minimize reflectivity for accurate radiometric measurements.
  • To provide traceability for spaceborne and ground-based radiometer calibration.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a conical cavity for optimal microwave emissivity and minimal reflections.
  • Developed a novel microwave absorber using epoxy with carbonyl iron (CBI) powder.
  • Measured complex permittivity and permeability of the absorber material.
  • Optimized the conical absorber design using geometric optics and finite-element modeling.
  • Measured the reflectivity of the fabricated conical blackbody.

Main Results:

  • The conical blackbody exhibits high microwave emissivity, independent of polarization.
  • The device operates effectively over a broad frequency range (18-230 GHz) and temperature range (80-350 K).
  • Normal incidence reflectivity was measured to be below -40 dB across relevant frequencies.
  • The developed absorber material shows excellent performance with varying CBI loading.

Conclusions:

  • The designed conical blackbody serves as a national primary standard for brightness temperature.
  • The novel absorber material and conical geometry enable superior broadband performance.
  • This calibration source enhances the accuracy and traceability of radiometric data for remote sensing applications.