3D-3D superimposition techniques in personal identification: A ten-year systematic literature review

The 3D-3D superimposition technique offers a comprehensive comparison and quantification of the similarity between two 3D models, making it a promising approach for forensic science. This systematic review aims to explore scanning techniques, 3D analysis software, and 3D-3D superimposition methods, along with providing an overview of their applications and performance in personal identification. We searched four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) for articles published between January 2014 and May 2024. QUADAS-2 was adopted to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. After applying the eligibility criteria, a total of 25 articles were selected for our review. From these articles, we identified six scanning techniques and eight software programs. These diverse scanning technologies and 3D software significantly streamline the process of 3D data registration and similarity calculations. The surface-based registration was the most frequently utilized approach and was considered more suitable for forensic research. Studies have shown that 3D-3D superimposition has emerged as a valuable tool in various fields, including the antemortem (AM) and postmortem (PM) comparison, pair-matching, re-association, craniofacial superimposition, and face identification. It is anticipated that further research involving a broader range of sample types and standardized protocols will further enhance the applicability of 3D-3D superimposition technology in forensic practice.