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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:21

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.
The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
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Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
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Published on: May 26, 2023

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Epignathus with Cervical Lymphangioma.

Rohit Lal1, Vinit Kumar Thakur1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.

Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons
|October 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epignathus, a rare head-and-neck teratoma, can cause significant infant health issues. Early surgical removal is crucial for managing this congenital tumor and preventing complications.

Keywords:
Epignathuscervicallymphangioma

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Science
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Teratomas occur in 1 in 4,000 live births.
  • Head-and-neck teratomas (epignathus) are exceptionally rare congenital tumors.
  • Epignathus can lead to severe facial disfigurement, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties in newborns.

Observation:

  • This case report details the management of a rare pedunculated epignathus.
  • The patient also presented with a concurrent cervical lymphangioma.
  • The combined presentation posed significant diagnostic and surgical challenges.

Findings:

  • Early surgical excision is critical for epignathus to prevent life-threatening airway obstruction.
  • Successful management requires a multidisciplinary approach.
  • This case highlights the importance of prompt intervention for congenital neck masses.

Implications:

  • Timely diagnosis and surgical intervention can significantly improve outcomes for infants with epignathus.
  • Understanding the management of complex cases, like epignathus with lymphangioma, advances pediatric surgical practices.
  • Effective treatment strategies reduce infant morbidity and mortality associated with congenital teratomas.