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Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...

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Updated: May 5, 2026

Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model

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Published on: November 19, 2017

Task-oriented Learning in Head and Neck Anatomy Using Virtual, Formalin-preserved, Soft-embalmed, and Plastinated

Ryner Jose D Carrillo^1,2, Karen June P Dumlao¹, Jacob Ephraim D Salud²

¹Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila.

Acta Medica Philippina

|November 1, 2024

Summary

Students evaluated different cadaver specimens for anatomy education. Formalinized and soft-embalmed cadavers offered the most accurate anatomical representation, while virtual and plastinated options provided superior sustainability and reusability for learning.

Keywords:

anatomy codaver medical education

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Published on: March 18, 2020

Area of Science:

Medical Education
Anatomy
Surgical Training

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift in anatomy teaching methods.
Reduced cadaver donations require maximizing existing specimen types.
Online instruction and diverse cadaver materials are now essential.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess student perspectives on various cadaveric materials used in anatomy education.
To evaluate the utility of formalinized, soft-embalmed, computerized, and plastinated specimens.
To understand student experiences with task-oriented anatomy learning activities.

Main Methods:

One hundred forty-three students participated in task-oriented anatomy dissections.
Activities included facial, recurrent laryngeal, and phrenic nerve dissections using formalinized cadavers and a virtual dissector.
Plastinated and soft-embalmed cadavers were used for deep neck, middle ear, and airway demonstrations.

Main Results:

Formalinized and soft-embalmed cadavers provided the most accurate anatomical detail.
Plastinated specimens and virtual dissectors demonstrated high sustainability and reusability.
Student perceptions varied regarding the utility of each specimen type.

Conclusions:

Task-oriented learning in head and neck anatomy can effectively utilize diverse cadaveric materials.
The choice of specimen impacts anatomical accuracy, utility, and sustainability.
Balancing accuracy and resource availability is key for modern anatomy education.