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DO NOT LOSE SLEEP OVER IT: IMPLANTED BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE FUNCTIONALITY DURING NIGHTTIME IN LATE-STAGE

Sacha Leinders1, Erik J Aarnoutse1, Mariana P Branco1

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This study shows that brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can be reliably used at night by individuals with ALS. A specialized nightmode decoder significantly reduced unintended activations, enabling 24/7 communication for those with severe impairments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer communication solutions for individuals with severe motor and speech impairments, such as locked-in syndrome.
  • Continuous 24/7 availability of BCIs is crucial for users, but the feasibility of nocturnal BCI use remains largely unexplored.
  • This research focuses on an individual with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using an electrocorticography-based BCI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nocturnal dynamics of neural signal features (low and high frequency band power) used in BCI control.
  • To assess the performance of a BCI decoder trained on daytime data when applied to nocturnal data.
  • To develop and evaluate a specialized 'nightmode' decoder for reliable caregiver calls during sleep.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nocturnal changes in low frequency band (LFB) and high frequency band (HFB) power and variance.
  • Quantification of unintentional BCI activations using a standard daytime decoder on night data.
  • Development and long-term (±1.5 years) performance assessment of a novel nightmode BCI decoder.

Main Results:

  • Neural signal power and variance (HFB and LFB) were significantly higher during the majority of nights compared to daytime.
  • Daytime decoders resulted in frequent unintended activations: 245 clicks and 13 caregiver calls per hour.
  • The developed nightmode decoder achieved error-free performance in 79% of nights, with unintended activations occurring only once every 12 nights.

Conclusions:

  • Reliable nighttime BCI operation necessitates decoders adapted to sleep-induced neural signal variations.
  • The demonstrated long-term efficacy of a BCI nightmode highlights the critical importance of 24/7 BCI reliability for users.
  • This study supports the potential for continuous, uninterrupted communication for individuals with advanced neurological conditions.