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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
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Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
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Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function.
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Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
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Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease.

Abigail A Testo1, Gwenyth Roundy1, Julie A Dumas2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
|November 1, 2024
PubMed
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Alzheimer's disease causes cognitive decline, unlike normal aging. This review details how Alzheimer's disease impacts memory and cognition throughout its stages.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseCognitionCognitive impairmentEpisodic memoryMild cognitive impairmentNormal aging

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Dementia significantly impacts older adults, causing deficits in daily living tasks.
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases.
  • Episodic memory decline is an early and defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of normal and pathological aging on cognition.
  • To focus on the cognitive effects of Alzheimer's disease progression.
  • To describe the stages of Alzheimer's disease and their cognitive manifestations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on aging and dementia.
  • Analysis of cognitive changes in normal aging versus Alzheimer's disease.
  • Description of Alzheimer's disease progression and its cognitive sequelae.

Main Results:

  • Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive decline is distinct from normal aging.
  • Cognitive impairments in AD affect memory, language, and daily functioning.
  • The severity of cognitive deficits progresses with each stage of Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Alzheimer's disease's cognitive impact is crucial due to global aging.
  • Differentiating AD-related cognitive changes from normal aging is essential for diagnosis and care.
  • This review provides insights into the progressive cognitive nature of Alzheimer's disease.