Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 12, 2026
Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
Published on: April 23, 2014
Virtual reality for routine immunisations in needle phobic children with and without developmental disabilities: A
Allya Makhijani1, Narelle Jenkins2, Jessica Kaufman3
1Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia.
None:
Virtual reality for routine immunisations in needle phobic children with and without developmental disabilities: a pilot study.
Background:
Virtual Reality (VR) headsets can improve needle procedure success and experiences for children, but they have not been evaluated to support immunisation in children with anxiety and behavioural challenges. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of VR for immunisation in children with needle phobia, including children with and without developmental disabilities.
Methods:
A mixed method pilot study was conducted at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Children with needle phobia aged 4-14 years scheduled for immunisation with distraction and conscious sedation were eligible. VR was offered to children with needle anxiety and/or developmental disabilities before and during immunisation in addition to standard care. Children and caregivers completed electronic surveys pre- and post-immunisation, followed by qualitative interviews post-immunisation. Clinicians completed post-immunisation surveys. Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability of VR according to children, caregivers and clinicians.
Results:
Between May and December 2022, we screened 54 children and included 30; 15 with and 15 without developmental disability. Preparation to use VR took less than five minutes for most children (24/30; 80 %). Twenty nine (96 %) used VR immediately before immunisation, and 17 (57 %) continued using it during immunisation (7 with developmental disability, 10 without). Twenty seven (90 %) children were immunised successfully, with a small reduction in required sedation. Of those who used VR during immunisation, 16/17 (94 %) reported a more positive overall experience. Of those who only used VR before immunisation, 3/13 (23 %) still reported benefit. VR was therefore described as beneficial for 19/30 (63 %) participants (9 with developmental disability, 10 without). Caregivers reported willingness to use VR in future immunisation encounters for 23/30 (77 %) children (11 with developmental disability, 12 without).
Discussion:
This pilot study suggests VR was feasible and acceptable for many children with needle phobia, both with and without developmental disability. These findings will inform a randomised controlled trial to assess effectiveness.
