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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

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Long term outcomes after repeat lymph node dissections for persistent or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer.

Martin Jose Barrio1, Nikita Pozdeyev2, Robert C McIntyre1

  • 1Division of GI, Trauma, and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 E 17th Ave., C-313 Mail Stop, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.

American Journal of Surgery
|November 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repeated lymph node dissection is key for recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). While effective, the success rate decreases with each surgery, and complication risks rise, especially during central neck dissections.

Keywords:
Neck dissectionResponse to therapyThyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Locoregional recurrent/persistent differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) often requires repeated lymph node dissection.
  • Limited data exists on the safety and long-term efficacy of multiple surgical interventions for DTC recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeated lymph node dissections for locoregional recurrent/persistent DTC.
  • To assess the impact of multiple operations on treatment response and complication rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent cervical lymph node dissection between 1998 and 2022.
  • Data collection included demographics, initial thyroid surgery details, subsequent lymph node dissections, follow-up, and treatment response.

Main Results:

  • Excellent response rates decreased with successive re-operations: 35.7% after one, 20.3% after two, 12% after three, and 0% after four re-operations.
  • The cumulative rate of excellent response was 41.7%.
  • Overall risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was 5.1%, with higher rates (8.7%) in patients undergoing re-operative central neck dissection (CNDx) compared to those without prior CNDx (2.5%).

Conclusions:

  • Surgery is the primary treatment for recurrent/persistent DTC, but efficacy diminishes with more operations.
  • The risk of permanent complications is low but increases with repeat central neck dissections (CNDx).