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Tungsten contamination, behavior and remediation in complex environmental settings.

Shiv Bolan1, Hasintha Wijesekara2, Achali Ireshika2

  • 1UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia.

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Summary

Tungsten (W) pollution poses risks to ecosystems and human health. This review covers W sources, environmental behavior, health hazards, and remediation strategies like stabilization and solubilization for contaminated soil and water.

Keywords:
Tungsten bioavailabilityTungsten dynamicsTungsten immobilizationTungsten remediationTungsten toxicityWolfram

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Tungsten (W) is a rare element found in minerals like wolframite and scheelite.
  • Industrial applications of tungsten include filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes, and radiation shielding.
  • Tungsten's high density makes it suitable for defense applications, potentially replacing lead.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on tungsten pollution in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
  • To link tungsten pollution to its natural and anthropogenic sources, behavior, and health hazards.
  • To explore remediation strategies for tungsten-contaminated environments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific studies on tungsten pollution.
  • Analysis of tungsten's chemical behavior in soil and water (oxidation states, speciation).
  • Evaluation of environmental and human health risks associated with tungsten exposure.

Main Results:

  • Tungsten exists mainly as tungstate anion in soil, with prevalent oxidation state +6.
  • Tungsten alloys and particulates pose health risks, including carcinogenicity.
  • Exposure routes include inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, particularly in occupational settings.

Conclusions:

  • Remediation strategies include stabilization (immobilization) and solubilization (mobilization) of tungsten.
  • Stabilization prevents tungsten bioavailability and food chain transfer.
  • Solubilization facilitates tungsten removal through soil washing and root absorption.